Travel Advisory for Burkina Faso
This page provides a comprehensive comparison of official government travel advisories for Burkina Faso from multiple trusted international sources including the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, France, Spain, Ireland, and Japan. Each government assesses travel risks independently based on their own intelligence, diplomatic relationships, and risk assessment criteria. By comparing these different perspectives, travelers can make more informed decisions about their safety and security when visiting Burkina Faso.
The information below is aggregated from official government sources and analyzed to provide you with a unified view of the current travel situation. Last updated: 2026-04-18
AdvisoryAtlas.com Risk Level
Level 4 - Do Not Travel
AdvisoryAtlas.com Safety Index
5
Safety Index Score
Overview
Burkina Faso presents a severe security risk due to high threats of terrorism, kidnapping, and crime, leading to a 'Do Not Travel' advisory from most foreign governments. The political situation remains unstable, with frequent unrest and potential for rapid deterioration.
Detailed Advisory Summary
Burkina Faso is currently facing an extremely volatile and dangerous security situation, prompting a 'Do Not Travel' advisory from numerous international governments. The primary concerns revolve around a high threat of terrorism, with active militant groups frequently conducting attacks across the country, including in the capital, Ouagadougou. These attacks are often indiscriminate and can occur with little warning, targeting various locations such as hotels, public gathering places, government facilities, and transportation hubs.
Compounding this threat is a persistent risk of kidnapping, particularly in border regions with Mali and Niger, and across much of the Sahel. Foreign nationals, including tourists, aid workers, and business travelers, are considered legitimate targets. The political landscape is marked by instability, with recent coups and the potential for further unrest, leading to states of emergency in several regions that grant increased powers to security forces and may involve curfews and restrictions on movement.
Crime, including petty theft and violent incidents like armed robbery and assault, is prevalent, especially in urban centers and after dark. Road travel is particularly perilous due to reckless driving, poor road conditions, and the risk of armed banditry and improvised explosive devices. Medical facilities are severely limited, and emergency services are scarce, making medical evacuation a critical consideration for any traveler.
Entry requirements include a valid passport with at least six months' validity and a mandatory Yellow Fever vaccination certificate. Visas are generally required and can often be obtained online or upon arrival, though specific regulations may change. Dual nationality can complicate entry and exit, as local authorities may not always recognize foreign nationality. Travelers are strongly advised to register with their respective embassies, maintain a high level of vigilance, avoid large gatherings and demonstrations, and have robust personal security and evacuation plans in place. The Australian High Commission in Accra notes that consular assistance in Burkina Faso is extremely limited.
Compounding this threat is a persistent risk of kidnapping, particularly in border regions with Mali and Niger, and across much of the Sahel. Foreign nationals, including tourists, aid workers, and business travelers, are considered legitimate targets. The political landscape is marked by instability, with recent coups and the potential for further unrest, leading to states of emergency in several regions that grant increased powers to security forces and may involve curfews and restrictions on movement.
Crime, including petty theft and violent incidents like armed robbery and assault, is prevalent, especially in urban centers and after dark. Road travel is particularly perilous due to reckless driving, poor road conditions, and the risk of armed banditry and improvised explosive devices. Medical facilities are severely limited, and emergency services are scarce, making medical evacuation a critical consideration for any traveler.
Entry requirements include a valid passport with at least six months' validity and a mandatory Yellow Fever vaccination certificate. Visas are generally required and can often be obtained online or upon arrival, though specific regulations may change. Dual nationality can complicate entry and exit, as local authorities may not always recognize foreign nationality. Travelers are strongly advised to register with their respective embassies, maintain a high level of vigilance, avoid large gatherings and demonstrations, and have robust personal security and evacuation plans in place. The Australian High Commission in Accra notes that consular assistance in Burkina Faso is extremely limited.
Risk Level Summary by Government Source
| Source | Risk Level | Updated | Official Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Global Affairs Canada | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-04-07 | View Source → |
| U.S. Department of State | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-04-10 | View Source → |
| Ministère des Affaires Étrangères | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-04-17 | View Source → |
| Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-02-24 | View Source → |
| Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-02-25 | View Source → |
| Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-02-24 | View Source → |
| Department of Foreign Affairs (Ireland) | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-02-24 | View Source → |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-03-23 | View Source → |
| New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-02-27 | View Source → |
| Département fédéral des affaires étrangères (DFAE) | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-02-23 | View Source → |
| Regjeringen (Norway) | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-03-04 | View Source → |
| Nederland Wereldwijd (Netherlands) | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-04-17 | View Source → |
| Viaggiare Sicuri (Italy) | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-03-03 | View Source → |
| BMEIA (Austria) | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-03-02 | View Source → |
| 0404 (Korea) | Level 4 - Do Not Travel | 2026-03-06 | View Source → |
Safety and Security Analysis
Vaccination Information
Required Vaccines
- Yellow Fever
Recommended for Most Travelers
- Diphtheria
- Tetanus
- Polio
- Hepatitis A
- Typhoid
- Influenza
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Pertussis
- Varicella
- Meningococcal disease
Recommended for Some Travelers
- Hepatitis B
- Rabies
- Meningococcal ACWY (during dry season or epidemics)
- Tuberculosis (for children under 15 on frequent/long stays)
- Chikungunya (during epidemics or long stays)
- Dengue (during epidemics or long stays)
- Mpox
- Schistosomiasis prevention (avoid freshwater contact)
It is highly recommended to consult a travel health provider at least 8 weeks before departure to discuss necessary vaccinations and malaria prevention. Ensure routine vaccinations are up-to-date. Proof of Yellow Fever vaccination is mandatory for entry. Malaria is a risk, and antimalarial medication is recommended for most travelers. Protection against mosquito bites is crucial for preventing diseases like Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya. Travelers should also be aware of risks associated with contaminated food and water, including travelers' diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid. Rabies is present, and caution should be exercised around animals. Travelers should also ensure their COVID-19 vaccination status is current and follow any applicable health protocols.
Visa Information
Visa Types
| Type | Requirement | Stay Limit | Cost | Conditions | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tourist | e-Visa / Embassy | Varies (check embassy) | Check Embassy | Passport valid for 6+ months |
|
| Business | e-Visa / Embassy | Varies (check embassy) | Check Embassy | Passport valid for 6+ months |
|
| Student | Embassy | Varies (check embassy) | Check Embassy | Passport valid for 6+ months |
|
Entry & Legal Compliance
- Passport Validity Needed: 6 months
- Blank Pages Required: 2
- Dual Citizenship Policy: Recognized, but may face limited consular services or entry/exit issues
- Proof Of Onward Travel: Required by some sources, check with travel provider
- Currency Limit Declaration: 200,000 CFA Francs (approx. 300 EUR) or more
- Drone Usage Law: Prohibited to fly drones without authorization; individuals have been detained for unauthorized drone use.
Emergency Contacts
- Police: 17
- Fire Department: 18
- Gendarmerie: 16 or 1010 or +226 80 00 11 45
- General Emergency Number (Police): 17
- Ambulance Service: 112 or +226 78 87 75 49
- Medical Emergency: +226 65 67 43 43 (Italy Embassy Emergency)
Common Scams & Tourist Traps
- Internet Romance/Friendship Scams: Scammers build relationships online to solicit money, sometimes asking victims to travel to Burkina Faso.
- Fake Investment/Employment Opportunities: Offers that seem too good to be true, often involving requests for upfront fees or personal financial details.
- Currency Exchange Scams: Be wary of unofficial exchange rates or counterfeit currency when dealing with informal money changers.
- Bag Snatching/Theft: Opportunistic thefts, particularly in crowded areas or on motorbikes, targeting valuables like phones and jewelry.
Cultural Etiquette in Burkina Faso
Do
- Greet people respectfully; a handshake is common.
- Dress modestly, especially outside major cities and when visiting religious sites.
- Ask permission before taking photos of people or private property.
- Be punctual for business meetings, though delays can be common.
Don't
- Do not eat, drink, or smoke in public during daylight hours in Ramadan.
- Do not engage in public displays of affection.
- Do not criticize the government or political figures publicly.
- Do not photograph military installations, government buildings, or airports without explicit permission.
Advisory Comparison by Government Source
Global Affairs Canada
Updated: 2026-04-07
Canada strongly advises avoiding all travel to Burkina Faso due to terrorism, kidnapping, and political instability. The country is experiencing coups and a deteriorating security situation, particularly in border regions and specific administrative areas. Travelers are urged to remain vigilant, monitor local media, and follow authorities' instructions. Kidnapping by criminal and terrorist groups is a significant threat, especially to foreigners. Demonstrations can occur and may turn violent. Petty and violent crime are present, with specific areas in Ouagadougou noted for increased risk. LGBTQI+ individuals face violence and discrimination, and same-sex relations are criminalized. Road safety is poor, and public transportation is to be avoided. Medical facilities are below Canadian standards, and travel insurance covering medical evacuation is essential. Photography of sensitive sites is prohibited. Dual citizenship may limit consular services.
The political situation is unstable following two coups in 2022, with elections postponed. Terrorism is a threat throughout the country, especially near borders with Mali, Niger, Togo, and Côte d'Ivoire, and in the North, Sahel, East, Southwest, and Boucle du Mouhoun regions. Counterterrorism operations can lead to civilian casualties. A state of emergency is in effect in eight regions, increasing security forces' powers. Kidnappings are regular occurrences, with a particular threat in areas bordering Niger and Mali. Demonstrations can occur, especially in Ouagadougou, and may disrupt traffic. Petty crime is common in large cities, while violent crime involves criminal groups. Road safety is compromised by reckless drivers and poor conditions; improvised explosive devices are a threat outside the capital. Public transportation is to be avoided due to poor condition and targeting by criminals. Air travel assessments are not provided. Entry requires a passport valid for the stay and a visa. Health risks include Hepatitis A, Yellow Fever (entry requirement), Hepatitis B, Influenza, Rabies, Polio, Measles, Meningococcal disease, Malaria, Chikungunya, Zika, Leishmaniasis, Dengue, Lassa fever, and others. Safe food and water precautions are necessary. Medical services are limited, and cash payment is often required. Drug penalties are severe. Photography of sensitive installations is prohibited. Dual citizenship is recognized but may limit consular services. International child abduction is covered by the Hague Convention. The currency is the CFA franc, with cash transactions prevalent. Natural disasters like flooding and sandstorms can occur.
The political situation is unstable following two coups in 2022, with elections postponed. Terrorism is a threat throughout the country, especially near borders with Mali, Niger, Togo, and Côte d'Ivoire, and in the North, Sahel, East, Southwest, and Boucle du Mouhoun regions. Counterterrorism operations can lead to civilian casualties. A state of emergency is in effect in eight regions, increasing security forces' powers. Kidnappings are regular occurrences, with a particular threat in areas bordering Niger and Mali. Demonstrations can occur, especially in Ouagadougou, and may disrupt traffic. Petty crime is common in large cities, while violent crime involves criminal groups. Road safety is compromised by reckless drivers and poor conditions; improvised explosive devices are a threat outside the capital. Public transportation is to be avoided due to poor condition and targeting by criminals. Air travel assessments are not provided. Entry requires a passport valid for the stay and a visa. Health risks include Hepatitis A, Yellow Fever (entry requirement), Hepatitis B, Influenza, Rabies, Polio, Measles, Meningococcal disease, Malaria, Chikungunya, Zika, Leishmaniasis, Dengue, Lassa fever, and others. Safe food and water precautions are necessary. Medical services are limited, and cash payment is often required. Drug penalties are severe. Photography of sensitive installations is prohibited. Dual citizenship is recognized but may limit consular services. International child abduction is covered by the Hague Convention. The currency is the CFA franc, with cash transactions prevalent. Natural disasters like flooding and sandstorms can occur.
U.S. Department of State
Updated: 2026-04-10
The U.S. Department of State issues a 'Do Not Travel' advisory for Burkina Faso due to terrorism, crime, and kidnapping. Terrorist organizations are active nationwide, planning attacks with little warning and potentially targeting any location, including hotels, restaurants, and government facilities. Kidnapping remains a persistent threat, particularly in Ouagadougou and the Sahel and East regions. A state of emergency is in effect in several territories, limiting the U.S. government's ability to provide emergency services. U.S. government employees are prohibited from traveling outside the capital due to security concerns. Dual nationals may not have their U.S. nationality recognized by local authorities. Travelers are advised to have evacuation plans independent of U.S. government assistance, limit exposure to tourist areas, and not resist robbery attempts.
Crime is prevalent, with foreigners frequently targeted for theft of valuables, often by individuals on motorbikes, especially after dark. Residential break-ins occur in expatriate communities. Roadside robberies are common, particularly in the Eastern Region beyond Koupela. Demonstrations may occur with little warning and can turn violent. The U.S. Embassy has restricted official travel to certain regions, including those near the Mali and Niger borders. Victims of crime should report to local police (10-10) and contact the U.S. Embassy. Emergency services numbers are provided for Police (17), Fire Department (18), and Gendarmerie (16). Entry requirements are subject to the Government of Burkina Faso's discretion; visas are currently suspended for U.S. citizens as of December 30, 2025, requiring verification with the nearest Embassy of Burkina Faso. Health risks include malaria, Zika, HIV, dengue, and meningococcal meningitis. Medical services are limited, and cash payments are often required. Prescription medication legality should be verified. Local laws are strictly enforced, and U.S. citizens can face arrest or imprisonment for violations. Same-sex sexual activity is criminalized, carrying prison sentences and fines. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting is practiced despite being illegal. Child marriage is a problem. Road conditions are poor, and public transportation (buses, green taxis) should be avoided; yellow taxis are preferable. Aviation safety assessments are not available.
Key risks highlighted include terrorism, crime, kidnapping, civil unrest, and poor road safety. Travelers should enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) for alerts and assistance. Dual nationality status requires careful consideration regarding recognition of U.S. nationality. The U.S. Embassy in Ouagadougou provides contact information and limited consular services. The country summary emphasizes the 'Do Not Travel' advisory due to pervasive threats. The U.S. government's ability to provide assistance is severely limited in most of the country.
Crime is prevalent, with foreigners frequently targeted for theft of valuables, often by individuals on motorbikes, especially after dark. Residential break-ins occur in expatriate communities. Roadside robberies are common, particularly in the Eastern Region beyond Koupela. Demonstrations may occur with little warning and can turn violent. The U.S. Embassy has restricted official travel to certain regions, including those near the Mali and Niger borders. Victims of crime should report to local police (10-10) and contact the U.S. Embassy. Emergency services numbers are provided for Police (17), Fire Department (18), and Gendarmerie (16). Entry requirements are subject to the Government of Burkina Faso's discretion; visas are currently suspended for U.S. citizens as of December 30, 2025, requiring verification with the nearest Embassy of Burkina Faso. Health risks include malaria, Zika, HIV, dengue, and meningococcal meningitis. Medical services are limited, and cash payments are often required. Prescription medication legality should be verified. Local laws are strictly enforced, and U.S. citizens can face arrest or imprisonment for violations. Same-sex sexual activity is criminalized, carrying prison sentences and fines. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting is practiced despite being illegal. Child marriage is a problem. Road conditions are poor, and public transportation (buses, green taxis) should be avoided; yellow taxis are preferable. Aviation safety assessments are not available.
Key risks highlighted include terrorism, crime, kidnapping, civil unrest, and poor road safety. Travelers should enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) for alerts and assistance. Dual nationality status requires careful consideration regarding recognition of U.S. nationality. The U.S. Embassy in Ouagadougou provides contact information and limited consular services. The country summary emphasizes the 'Do Not Travel' advisory due to pervasive threats. The U.S. government's ability to provide assistance is severely limited in most of the country.
Ministère des Affaires Étrangères
Updated: 2026-04-17
France strongly discourages all travel to Burkina Faso due to high regional tensions, terrorism, kidnapping risks, and the unstable political situation. The entire territory is considered high-risk. Tourism is strongly discouraged, especially in forests, national parks, and near the capital. Terrorist and criminal threats are very high, particularly in border regions with Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, and Côte d'Ivoire, and in the eastern, western, and southwestern parts of the country. Kidnapping and homicide risks are elevated. Road risks are significant due to reckless driving, poor road conditions, and the presence of animals; night travel is particularly dangerous. Delinquency exists, with advice to avoid exposure and be vigilant in peripheral areas. Email scams ('brouteurs') are prevalent. Hunting activities are prohibited in high-risk zones. General precautions include avoiding isolated travel, especially after dark, securing belongings, and varying travel routes. French citizens are urged to register on the Ariane portal.
Entry requires a passport valid for over six months and a visa, obtainable online via eVisaburkina or at the Burkina Faso consulate in Paris. Dual nationals (Burkinabe-French) may need a Burkinabe certificate or passport to be exempt from visa requirements. COVID-19 restrictions have been lifted, but a Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is requested at the airport. Pet entry requires an international vaccination booklet, microchip, and passport; no quarantine is mandated, but rabies is endemic. The French Embassy in Ouagadougou provides consular assistance. Local emergency numbers include Police (17), Firefighters (18), and Gendarmerie (16, 1010). Health risks include mosquito-borne diseases (Chikungunya, Dengue, Yellow Fever, Malaria, Zika), typhoid, meningitis (especially during the dry season), tuberculosis, hepatitis A and B, rabies, and schistosomiasis. Safe food and water practices are essential. Medical facilities are limited, and hospitalization costs can be high. Prescription medications may be difficult to obtain. Local laws include severe penalties for drug offenses. Photography of sensitive sites is prohibited. Driving requires a valid license; French licenses are accepted for stays under 4 months. Road accidents require immediate notification of police and the consulate. International child abduction is subject to the Hague Convention. The currency is the CFA franc, with cash transactions common. Climate varies from pre-Saharan in the north to tropical in the south, with distinct dry and rainy seasons.
Entry requires a passport valid for over six months and a visa, obtainable online via eVisaburkina or at the Burkina Faso consulate in Paris. Dual nationals (Burkinabe-French) may need a Burkinabe certificate or passport to be exempt from visa requirements. COVID-19 restrictions have been lifted, but a Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is requested at the airport. Pet entry requires an international vaccination booklet, microchip, and passport; no quarantine is mandated, but rabies is endemic. The French Embassy in Ouagadougou provides consular assistance. Local emergency numbers include Police (17), Firefighters (18), and Gendarmerie (16, 1010). Health risks include mosquito-borne diseases (Chikungunya, Dengue, Yellow Fever, Malaria, Zika), typhoid, meningitis (especially during the dry season), tuberculosis, hepatitis A and B, rabies, and schistosomiasis. Safe food and water practices are essential. Medical facilities are limited, and hospitalization costs can be high. Prescription medications may be difficult to obtain. Local laws include severe penalties for drug offenses. Photography of sensitive sites is prohibited. Driving requires a valid license; French licenses are accepted for stays under 4 months. Road accidents require immediate notification of police and the consulate. International child abduction is subject to the Hague Convention. The currency is the CFA franc, with cash transactions common. Climate varies from pre-Saharan in the north to tropical in the south, with distinct dry and rainy seasons.
Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
Updated: 2026-02-24
The UK's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) advises against all travel to Burkina Faso due to the threat of terrorist attacks, kidnappings, and the unstable political situation. The entire country is considered high-risk, with a very high threat of terrorism and kidnapping by groups like JNIM and ISGS. Attacks are frequent, particularly near borders with Mali, Niger, and Côte d'Ivoire, and in the eastern region, with significant incidents reported including village attacks, church and mosque assaults, and ambushes on convoys. British nationals are seen as legitimate targets, and the government's policy is not to make concessions to hostage-takers. The political situation remains unstable following a military coup, with a state of emergency in place in eight regions granting security forces expanded powers.
Crime, including vehicle hold-ups and street crime, is a serious risk, with thieves often armed and active near the UN Circle and former Central Market in Ouagadougou. Kidnapping by criminal groups is widespread, with a possibility of hostages being sold to terrorist organizations. Laws and cultural differences must be respected; carrying personal ID is essential. Drugs carry severe penalties. Same-sex sexual activity and promotion of same-sex relationships are criminal offenses, potentially leading to prison sentences. Strict customs regulations apply to cultural objects. Credit card acceptance is limited outside Ouagadougou. Road travel is dangerous due to poor road conditions, limited lighting, and increasing terrorist attacks, including the use of explosive devices. Public transport is not recommended due to safety concerns and targeting by criminals. Health risks include Yellow Fever (mandatory vaccination certificate for entry), malaria, Zika, dengue, and other insect-borne diseases. Medical facilities are very limited, requiring evacuation for serious treatment, and adequate travel insurance is crucial. Photography of military or government installations is prohibited. LGBT+ travelers face legal penalties and social stigma.
Entry requires a visa and a passport valid for the duration of the stay with two blank pages. Dual nationals must carry a valid British passport when returning to the UK. The FCDO has no British Embassy in Burkina Faso, and consular support is provided from Accra, Ghana, with limited in-person assistance. Travelers should have their own evacuation plans and not rely on the British government for evacuation. The advice emphasizes staying aware of surroundings, monitoring local media, and following local authorities' guidance. Terrorist kidnap risk is very high, and specific examples of kidnappings involving foreign nationals are provided. The political situation is described as volatile, with potential for unrest. Crime includes vehicle crime, street crime, and criminal kidnapping. Laws and cultural differences, including drug laws and LGBT+ regulations, are highlighted. Transport risks include road travel dangers and the use of public transport. Health advice focuses on vaccinations, medication, and limited medical care. Local laws are strict, and penalties can be severe.
Crime, including vehicle hold-ups and street crime, is a serious risk, with thieves often armed and active near the UN Circle and former Central Market in Ouagadougou. Kidnapping by criminal groups is widespread, with a possibility of hostages being sold to terrorist organizations. Laws and cultural differences must be respected; carrying personal ID is essential. Drugs carry severe penalties. Same-sex sexual activity and promotion of same-sex relationships are criminal offenses, potentially leading to prison sentences. Strict customs regulations apply to cultural objects. Credit card acceptance is limited outside Ouagadougou. Road travel is dangerous due to poor road conditions, limited lighting, and increasing terrorist attacks, including the use of explosive devices. Public transport is not recommended due to safety concerns and targeting by criminals. Health risks include Yellow Fever (mandatory vaccination certificate for entry), malaria, Zika, dengue, and other insect-borne diseases. Medical facilities are very limited, requiring evacuation for serious treatment, and adequate travel insurance is crucial. Photography of military or government installations is prohibited. LGBT+ travelers face legal penalties and social stigma.
Entry requires a visa and a passport valid for the duration of the stay with two blank pages. Dual nationals must carry a valid British passport when returning to the UK. The FCDO has no British Embassy in Burkina Faso, and consular support is provided from Accra, Ghana, with limited in-person assistance. Travelers should have their own evacuation plans and not rely on the British government for evacuation. The advice emphasizes staying aware of surroundings, monitoring local media, and following local authorities' guidance. Terrorist kidnap risk is very high, and specific examples of kidnappings involving foreign nationals are provided. The political situation is described as volatile, with potential for unrest. Crime includes vehicle crime, street crime, and criminal kidnapping. Laws and cultural differences, including drug laws and LGBT+ regulations, are highlighted. Transport risks include road travel dangers and the use of public transport. Health advice focuses on vaccinations, medication, and limited medical care. Local laws are strict, and penalties can be severe.
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Updated: 2026-02-25
Australia advises 'Do Not Travel' to Burkina Faso due to the dangerous security situation, high threat of terrorism, kidnapping, and violent crime. The security situation is volatile, with ongoing terrorist attacks likely, including in Ouagadougou, potentially targeting places frequented by foreigners. The risk of kidnapping for foreign nationals remains high, with potential targeting of foreign interests like mining operations. Australians are subject to local laws, which can be interpreted harshly, and risk arbitrary detention. The Australian High Commission in Accra has very limited capacity to provide consular assistance; the Canadian Embassy can offer limited emergency help. Civil unrest may occur, and land/air borders can close suddenly.
Crime, including theft and muggings, is common, especially in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, often perpetrated by individuals on motorbikes. Violent crime, such as assault and armed robbery, also occurs, increasing after dark. Banditry is a concern, with armed criminals targeting vehicles and buses, sometimes using roadblocks. Scams and fraud are common, particularly internet-based ones. Travelers should avoid intercity travel, large gatherings, and demonstrations. A state of emergency is in place in several regions. Yellow Fever vaccination is required for entry. Road travel is dangerous, and driving at night or using public transport is strongly discouraged. Medical facilities are poor, and emergency services are very limited, necessitating medical evacuation and comprehensive travel insurance. Local laws are strictly enforced, and same-sex relationships are illegal, potentially leading to prison sentences or deportation. Photography of military zones or government buildings is illegal. Travelers should register with their embassy and have an exit plan.
Key risks identified include terrorism, kidnapping, crime, civil unrest, and poor health infrastructure. The advisory emphasizes the volatile security situation and the high likelihood of further attacks. Specific examples of terrorist incidents and kidnappings are provided. The advice stresses vigilance, personal security measures, avoiding large gatherings, and monitoring local media and security alerts. Road travel is highlighted as particularly dangerous. Health risks include insect-borne diseases and the need for comprehensive insurance. Local laws, including those concerning drugs and LGBTQIA+ individuals, are strict. The limitations on consular assistance are clearly stated.
Crime, including theft and muggings, is common, especially in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, often perpetrated by individuals on motorbikes. Violent crime, such as assault and armed robbery, also occurs, increasing after dark. Banditry is a concern, with armed criminals targeting vehicles and buses, sometimes using roadblocks. Scams and fraud are common, particularly internet-based ones. Travelers should avoid intercity travel, large gatherings, and demonstrations. A state of emergency is in place in several regions. Yellow Fever vaccination is required for entry. Road travel is dangerous, and driving at night or using public transport is strongly discouraged. Medical facilities are poor, and emergency services are very limited, necessitating medical evacuation and comprehensive travel insurance. Local laws are strictly enforced, and same-sex relationships are illegal, potentially leading to prison sentences or deportation. Photography of military zones or government buildings is illegal. Travelers should register with their embassy and have an exit plan.
Key risks identified include terrorism, kidnapping, crime, civil unrest, and poor health infrastructure. The advisory emphasizes the volatile security situation and the high likelihood of further attacks. Specific examples of terrorist incidents and kidnappings are provided. The advice stresses vigilance, personal security measures, avoiding large gatherings, and monitoring local media and security alerts. Road travel is highlighted as particularly dangerous. Health risks include insect-borne diseases and the need for comprehensive insurance. Local laws, including those concerning drugs and LGBTQIA+ individuals, are strict. The limitations on consular assistance are clearly stated.
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores
Updated: 2026-02-24
The Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs provides detailed warnings regarding highly violent highway bandits known locally as 'coupeurs de route'. These criminals operate aggressively on both main and secondary roads, making overland travel exceptionally perilous.
To assist those who must travel for extreme necessity, the advisory provides a comprehensive list of recommended medical clinics in Ouagadougou. Spanish citizens are strongly urged to register their GPS coordinates and travel plans with the Embassy in Mali.
To assist those who must travel for extreme necessity, the advisory provides a comprehensive list of recommended medical clinics in Ouagadougou. Spanish citizens are strongly urged to register their GPS coordinates and travel plans with the Embassy in Mali.
Department of Foreign Affairs (Ireland)
Updated: 2026-02-24
Ireland strongly advises against all travel to Burkina Faso due to the unstable and volatile political and security situation, following a military coup in September 2022. There is a significant threat of terrorist attacks and kidnappings, with potential for unrest to escalate rapidly. Irish citizens in the country are urged to be vigilant, avoid unnecessary journeys, stay updated on local developments, and avoid demonstrations and large gatherings. Preparedness for potential short-notice departure is advised, as consular assistance is extremely limited due to the absence of an Irish Embassy in Burkina Faso; assistance is provided via the Irish Embassy in Nigeria.
Frequent attacks occur, particularly near borders with Mali, Niger, and Côte d'Ivoire, and in the eastern region. An incident in April 2021 involved the killing of an Irish citizen traveling between Fada-N’Gourma and Pama. Travelers should exercise caution, avoid large political rallies, and monitor local media. Health advice includes obtaining travel and medical insurance, checking vaccination requirements (Yellow Fever certificate may be required for entry), and consulting a GP or travel health center. Medication supplies should be adequate, with prescription copies. Passports should be valid for the stay and photocopies carried. Emergency services are available via local numbers: Police (17), Ambulance (112). Registration with the Irish Embassy in Abuja, Nigeria, is recommended for citizens already in Burkina Faso. The Department of Foreign Affairs emphasizes that their ability to provide assistance is limited.
The security situation is described as volatile with a strong potential for deterioration without warning. The threat from terrorism is underlying, with credible risks of shootings, bombings, and kidnappings targeting places frequented by foreigners. Examples of significant attacks are provided, including the 2021 incident involving an Irish citizen. Practical advice includes seeking local security advice, taking common-sense precautions, and knowing emergency contacts. Health advice is general, recommending vaccinations and insurance. Entry requirements focus on passport validity and potential Yellow Fever vaccination certificates. Local laws and customs should be respected, and travelers should be aware of the potential for strict enforcement.
Frequent attacks occur, particularly near borders with Mali, Niger, and Côte d'Ivoire, and in the eastern region. An incident in April 2021 involved the killing of an Irish citizen traveling between Fada-N’Gourma and Pama. Travelers should exercise caution, avoid large political rallies, and monitor local media. Health advice includes obtaining travel and medical insurance, checking vaccination requirements (Yellow Fever certificate may be required for entry), and consulting a GP or travel health center. Medication supplies should be adequate, with prescription copies. Passports should be valid for the stay and photocopies carried. Emergency services are available via local numbers: Police (17), Ambulance (112). Registration with the Irish Embassy in Abuja, Nigeria, is recommended for citizens already in Burkina Faso. The Department of Foreign Affairs emphasizes that their ability to provide assistance is limited.
The security situation is described as volatile with a strong potential for deterioration without warning. The threat from terrorism is underlying, with credible risks of shootings, bombings, and kidnappings targeting places frequented by foreigners. Examples of significant attacks are provided, including the 2021 incident involving an Irish citizen. Practical advice includes seeking local security advice, taking common-sense precautions, and knowing emergency contacts. Health advice is general, recommending vaccinations and insurance. Entry requirements focus on passport validity and potential Yellow Fever vaccination certificates. Local laws and customs should be respected, and travelers should be aware of the potential for strict enforcement.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
Updated: 2026-03-23
Japan has issued a Level 4 'Evacuate Immediately' advisory for border regions with Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire, as well as the Sahel, Northern, Boucle du Mouhoun, Hauts Bassins, Cascades, Sud-Ouest, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Centre-Sud, Centre-Est, and Est regions due to extremely deteriorating security and frequent attacks by Islamic extremist groups. A specific area in the northern part of Kouroumpè region (Centre-Est) has been elevated to Level 4 due to increased terrorist attacks. The capital, Ouagadougou, is under a Level 3 'Do Not Travel' advisory, with potential for unrest and terrorist attacks stemming from political instability and deteriorating socio-economic conditions. The country has experienced coups in 2022, and while the current transitional government prioritizes security, terrorist attacks remain frequent nationwide.
Terrorist groups, including Al-Qaeda affiliates like JNIM and ISGS, are active and have claimed responsibility for numerous attacks resulting in significant casualties among security forces and civilians. Kidnapping is a high risk throughout the country, with foreigners, including Japanese nationals, being potential targets. Specific instances of kidnappings involving foreign nationals are detailed, highlighting the risks for tourists, aid workers, and business travelers. Japanese citizens are urged to be aware of the threat of terrorism and kidnapping, monitor safety information, and take appropriate security measures. Travel within Burkina Faso is strongly advised against. Road conditions are poor, driving is dangerous, and traffic rules are poorly enforced. Photography of sensitive sites is prohibited, and drone usage requires authorization. Entry requires a valid passport, visa, and a Yellow Fever vaccination certificate (Yellow Card). Strict customs inspections are in place. Drugs and firearms are severely punished. Long-term residents should submit a registration form ('Zaïryu Todoke'). Short-term travelers should register for 'Tabi Resu' for safety information.
Health risks include Yellow Fever (mandatory vaccination), Malaria (prevalent), Meningococcal Meningitis (epidemics from December to June), Typhoid, Hepatitis A/B, Polio, Tetanus, and Rabies. Hygiene standards are poor, and safe food and water practices are essential. Medical facilities are below international standards, and medical evacuation can be extremely costly. The Japanese Embassy in Ouagadougou provides consular services. Emergency numbers are provided for Police (17), Fire/Ambulance (18), Gendarmerie (16), and VERT (1010). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs emphasizes the importance of staying informed and taking adequate safety measures.
Terrorist groups, including Al-Qaeda affiliates like JNIM and ISGS, are active and have claimed responsibility for numerous attacks resulting in significant casualties among security forces and civilians. Kidnapping is a high risk throughout the country, with foreigners, including Japanese nationals, being potential targets. Specific instances of kidnappings involving foreign nationals are detailed, highlighting the risks for tourists, aid workers, and business travelers. Japanese citizens are urged to be aware of the threat of terrorism and kidnapping, monitor safety information, and take appropriate security measures. Travel within Burkina Faso is strongly advised against. Road conditions are poor, driving is dangerous, and traffic rules are poorly enforced. Photography of sensitive sites is prohibited, and drone usage requires authorization. Entry requires a valid passport, visa, and a Yellow Fever vaccination certificate (Yellow Card). Strict customs inspections are in place. Drugs and firearms are severely punished. Long-term residents should submit a registration form ('Zaïryu Todoke'). Short-term travelers should register for 'Tabi Resu' for safety information.
Health risks include Yellow Fever (mandatory vaccination), Malaria (prevalent), Meningococcal Meningitis (epidemics from December to June), Typhoid, Hepatitis A/B, Polio, Tetanus, and Rabies. Hygiene standards are poor, and safe food and water practices are essential. Medical facilities are below international standards, and medical evacuation can be extremely costly. The Japanese Embassy in Ouagadougou provides consular services. Emergency numbers are provided for Police (17), Fire/Ambulance (18), Gendarmerie (16), and VERT (1010). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs emphasizes the importance of staying informed and taking adequate safety measures.
New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Updated: 2026-02-27
New Zealand advises citizens to leave as soon as it is safe due to the volatile security situation. It highlights the threat of armed banditry and the increased security presence nationwide.
The advice uniquely details the history of attacks since 2016, providing a timeline that illustrates the escalating threat levels. It also emphasizes the lack of diplomatic presence in the country.
The advice uniquely details the history of attacks since 2016, providing a timeline that illustrates the escalating threat levels. It also emphasizes the lack of diplomatic presence in the country.
Département fédéral des affaires étrangères (DFAE)
Updated: 2026-02-23
Switzerland advises against all travel, noting that it is very difficult or impossible to provide emergency aid. It highlights the risk of arbitrary arrest and interrogation by local authorities.
This source uniquely focuses on the risk of being detained without the embassy being notified, emphasizing the lack of transparency in the legal system. It also covers the threat to religious institutions.
This source uniquely focuses on the risk of being detained without the embassy being notified, emphasizing the lack of transparency in the legal system. It also covers the threat to religious institutions.
Regjeringen (Norway)
Updated: 2026-03-04
Nederland Wereldwijd (Netherlands)
Updated: 2026-04-17
The Netherlands classifies most of Burkina Faso with a 'Red' travel advisory ('Do Not Travel') due to extreme danger, including arbitrary arrests without clear reason, strict controls, and curfews. Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso are classified 'Orange' ('Only Necessary Travel'), meaning travel is not advised for holidays and should only be undertaken if essential, with limited consular support. Travel between these two cities by road is strongly discouraged due to frequent violent robberies; air travel is recommended. The country faces significant risks from terrorism and kidnappings, especially outside cities, with active armed groups and ongoing conflict between the army and these groups. Travelers are warned about potential terrorist attacks in crowded places and advised to follow local authorities' instructions.
Crime, including violent robberies and pickpocketing, occurs in busy areas and on public transport. Travelers are advised to avoid isolated areas and prepare well to minimize risks. Laws and customs include strict penalties for drug offenses, even for soft drugs and small quantities. Homosexuality is criminalized, with potential prison sentences and deportation for non-nationals, and LGBTQI+ individuals may face discrimination and aggression. Natural phenomena like heavy rainfall during the June-October rainy season can cause floods and landslides, making roads impassable. Demonstrations are frequent, especially in the capital, and can turn violent, potentially targeting foreigners. Travelers in need of assistance should contact local emergency services (Police: 17, Ambulance: 78 87 75 49, Fire: 18) or the Dutch Embassy. Comprehensive travel insurance covering medical expenses and repatriation is essential, as healthcare is moderate and evacuation may be necessary. Passport and visa requirements apply, with a Yellow Fever vaccination certificate being mandatory. The Dutch Embassy in Ouagadougou or Accra, Ghana, can be contacted for assistance.
The advisory highlights the risk of arbitrary arrests, strict controls, and curfews. Regional risks are color-coded red ('Do Not Travel') for most of the country and orange ('Only Necessary Travel') for Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso. Terrorism and kidnapping are major concerns, particularly outside urban centers. Crime, including robberies and pickpocketing, is prevalent. Strict drug laws and criminalization of homosexuality are noted. Natural risks include floods during the rainy season. Demonstrations can be violent. Emergency contacts and advice on travel insurance, passports, and visas are provided. The overall message is one of extreme danger, urging avoidance of most of the country.
Crime, including violent robberies and pickpocketing, occurs in busy areas and on public transport. Travelers are advised to avoid isolated areas and prepare well to minimize risks. Laws and customs include strict penalties for drug offenses, even for soft drugs and small quantities. Homosexuality is criminalized, with potential prison sentences and deportation for non-nationals, and LGBTQI+ individuals may face discrimination and aggression. Natural phenomena like heavy rainfall during the June-October rainy season can cause floods and landslides, making roads impassable. Demonstrations are frequent, especially in the capital, and can turn violent, potentially targeting foreigners. Travelers in need of assistance should contact local emergency services (Police: 17, Ambulance: 78 87 75 49, Fire: 18) or the Dutch Embassy. Comprehensive travel insurance covering medical expenses and repatriation is essential, as healthcare is moderate and evacuation may be necessary. Passport and visa requirements apply, with a Yellow Fever vaccination certificate being mandatory. The Dutch Embassy in Ouagadougou or Accra, Ghana, can be contacted for assistance.
The advisory highlights the risk of arbitrary arrests, strict controls, and curfews. Regional risks are color-coded red ('Do Not Travel') for most of the country and orange ('Only Necessary Travel') for Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso. Terrorism and kidnapping are major concerns, particularly outside urban centers. Crime, including robberies and pickpocketing, is prevalent. Strict drug laws and criminalization of homosexuality are noted. Natural risks include floods during the rainy season. Demonstrations can be violent. Emergency contacts and advice on travel insurance, passports, and visas are provided. The overall message is one of extreme danger, urging avoidance of most of the country.
Viaggiare Sicuri (Italy)
Updated: 2026-03-03
Italy advises against all travel to Burkina Faso due to a general climate of insecurity in the Sahel region, exacerbated by terrorism, and an unstable political-institutional scenario. Those who choose to travel despite this recommendation are urged to register their presence with the Italian Embassy and Honorary Consulate in Ouagadougou and strictly follow their guidance. The risk of terrorism is significant, particularly in the north and east, and in border areas with Niger and Mali. Attacks predominantly affect civilians, and caution is advised in urban areas, including Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, due to increased petty crime in crowded places. Travelers should maintain vigilance, stay informed via local media, and adhere to security measures.
Displacements are generally discouraged, especially in the evenings and at night, particularly outside urban areas or during religious holidays. Crowded places and locations frequented by Westerners should be avoided. The risk of kidnapping is high throughout the country, perpetrated by armed bands and terrorist groups, with foreign nationals being targets. Specific examples of kidnappings involving foreign nationals are provided. Travelers are advised to maintain a high level of vigilance, avoid crowded places and demonstrations, and adhere to local security directives. Entry requires a passport valid for at least 6 months and a visa, obtainable from Burkina Faso diplomatic/consular authorities in Italy or potentially upon arrival at the airport. A Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is mandatory for travelers over one year old. Medical facilities are generally of low quality, except for some private facilities in Ouagadougou; medical evacuation is often necessary for serious issues. Comprehensive travel insurance covering medical expenses and repatriation is essential. Risks include malaria, dengue, meningitis, and typhoid. Safe food and water practices are crucial. Credit card use is limited, and cash (Euro/USD) is recommended. Driving requires an Italian license accompanied by a declaration of authenticity or an international license; car insurance is mandatory. The Italian Embassy in Ouagadougou and the Honorary Consulate provide consular assistance.
The overall assessment points to a growing insecurity across Burkina Faso and the Sahel, driven by terrorism and political instability. The advice emphasizes the need for extreme caution, vigilance, and adherence to local security measures. Registration on 'Dovesiamonelmondo.it' and downloading the 'Viaggiare Sicuri' app are recommended. The risk of terrorism is high, with attacks concentrated in the north and east. Kidnappings are a significant concern, and specific warnings are issued for urban areas and crowded places. Travelers are urged to avoid protests and gatherings and to maintain constant awareness. Health risks are considerable, necessitating vaccinations and robust insurance. Import/export regulations and driving requirements are also outlined.
Displacements are generally discouraged, especially in the evenings and at night, particularly outside urban areas or during religious holidays. Crowded places and locations frequented by Westerners should be avoided. The risk of kidnapping is high throughout the country, perpetrated by armed bands and terrorist groups, with foreign nationals being targets. Specific examples of kidnappings involving foreign nationals are provided. Travelers are advised to maintain a high level of vigilance, avoid crowded places and demonstrations, and adhere to local security directives. Entry requires a passport valid for at least 6 months and a visa, obtainable from Burkina Faso diplomatic/consular authorities in Italy or potentially upon arrival at the airport. A Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is mandatory for travelers over one year old. Medical facilities are generally of low quality, except for some private facilities in Ouagadougou; medical evacuation is often necessary for serious issues. Comprehensive travel insurance covering medical expenses and repatriation is essential. Risks include malaria, dengue, meningitis, and typhoid. Safe food and water practices are crucial. Credit card use is limited, and cash (Euro/USD) is recommended. Driving requires an Italian license accompanied by a declaration of authenticity or an international license; car insurance is mandatory. The Italian Embassy in Ouagadougou and the Honorary Consulate provide consular assistance.
The overall assessment points to a growing insecurity across Burkina Faso and the Sahel, driven by terrorism and political instability. The advice emphasizes the need for extreme caution, vigilance, and adherence to local security measures. Registration on 'Dovesiamonelmondo.it' and downloading the 'Viaggiare Sicuri' app are recommended. The risk of terrorism is high, with attacks concentrated in the north and east. Kidnappings are a significant concern, and specific warnings are issued for urban areas and crowded places. Travelers are urged to avoid protests and gatherings and to maintain constant awareness. Health risks are considerable, necessitating vaccinations and robust insurance. Import/export regulations and driving requirements are also outlined.
BMEIA (Austria)
Updated: 2026-03-02
Austria classifies areas outside the capital Ouagadougou with 'Security Level 4 (Regional Travel Warning)' due to high risks of kidnapping and robbery, strongly advising against travel. The rest of the country, including Ouagadougou, is at 'Security Level 3', indicating a high security risk. The security situation is volatile and can change rapidly, with potential for further unrest. Travelers venturing into Level 4 areas do so at their own risk, understanding that consular assistance is extremely limited and insurance may not cover incidents in these zones. The government may seek to recover costs for any necessary protective measures or assistance provided.
Specific warnings are issued against using the N1 road between Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso due to the risk of armed robbery and kidnapping. Crime is also increasing within Ouagadougou. Overcoming the kidnapping and terrorism threat in the Sahel region is challenging, with risks of ambushes, kidnappings, and terrorist attacks. Travelers are advised to avoid large gatherings, demonstrations, and places frequented by foreigners. Overland and night travel should generally be avoided. Entry requires a visa, obtainable at the embassy or online, and a passport valid for at least 6 months. Proof of onward travel is necessary. Travelers with minors need a consent form. Cash (USD or Euro) is recommended for expenses, as credit card acceptance is limited. A Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is required for entry. Health risks are significant, and comprehensive travel insurance is strongly recommended, covering potential high hospitalization costs. Medical facilities are limited, and travelers requiring serious treatment may need evacuation. Local driving requires an international license and insurance; road conditions are poor. Homosexuality is not criminalized but is socially rejected, and the age of consent may be higher than in Austria. Photography of sensitive sites is prohibited.
Key risks highlighted include kidnapping, robbery, terrorism, and political instability. The country is divided into security levels, with Level 4 being the most dangerous. Travel outside Ouagadougou is particularly discouraged. The advice emphasizes following security instructions, avoiding crowds, and being aware of insurance limitations and potential cost recovery by the government for emergency assistance. Entry requirements, health advice, and local laws are detailed. The Austrian Embassy in Senegal covers Burkina Faso, with a consulate in Ouagadougou. Emergency numbers are provided for Police (17), Gendarmerie (16/1010), Firefighters (18), and Medical Aid (15).
Specific warnings are issued against using the N1 road between Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso due to the risk of armed robbery and kidnapping. Crime is also increasing within Ouagadougou. Overcoming the kidnapping and terrorism threat in the Sahel region is challenging, with risks of ambushes, kidnappings, and terrorist attacks. Travelers are advised to avoid large gatherings, demonstrations, and places frequented by foreigners. Overland and night travel should generally be avoided. Entry requires a visa, obtainable at the embassy or online, and a passport valid for at least 6 months. Proof of onward travel is necessary. Travelers with minors need a consent form. Cash (USD or Euro) is recommended for expenses, as credit card acceptance is limited. A Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is required for entry. Health risks are significant, and comprehensive travel insurance is strongly recommended, covering potential high hospitalization costs. Medical facilities are limited, and travelers requiring serious treatment may need evacuation. Local driving requires an international license and insurance; road conditions are poor. Homosexuality is not criminalized but is socially rejected, and the age of consent may be higher than in Austria. Photography of sensitive sites is prohibited.
Key risks highlighted include kidnapping, robbery, terrorism, and political instability. The country is divided into security levels, with Level 4 being the most dangerous. Travel outside Ouagadougou is particularly discouraged. The advice emphasizes following security instructions, avoiding crowds, and being aware of insurance limitations and potential cost recovery by the government for emergency assistance. Entry requirements, health advice, and local laws are detailed. The Austrian Embassy in Senegal covers Burkina Faso, with a consulate in Ouagadougou. Emergency numbers are provided for Police (17), Gendarmerie (16/1010), Firefighters (18), and Medical Aid (15).
0404 (Korea)
Updated: 2026-03-06
Important: This is an aggregated summary from multiple government sources. Always consult official government travel advisory websites before making travel decisions.
About Travel Advisories for Burkina Faso
This comprehensive travel advisory page for Burkina Faso aggregates official government warnings and recommendations from eight major international sources. Each country's foreign affairs department maintains its own travel advisory system based on unique assessment criteria, intelligence gathering, and diplomatic considerations.
The United States Department of State, Global Affairs Canada, UK Foreign Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), Australia's Smartraveller, France's Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Spain's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ireland's Department of Foreign Affairs, and Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs each provide independent assessments of travel risks to Burkina Faso.
By comparing these multiple perspectives, travelers can gain a more complete understanding of the current situation in Burkina Faso and make better-informed decisions about their travel plans. Remember to always check the official government websites directly before finalizing any travel arrangements.
Last updated: 2026-04-18